# 在 Ubuntu 建置 Nginx 服務指引
# 摘要
如何在 Ubuntu 作業系統，建置 Nginx 服務，用以作為 HTTP Server ，能針對 HTTP Request ，提供「靜態檔」下載服服務；或是 WSGI 介面，。 將 HTTP Request 轉交 Application Server （如：Django App）處理。
# 安裝作業
安裝 nginx 作為 HTTP Server。
- 安裝 nginx 套件。
sudo apt install nginx -y
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- 驗證 nginx 服務已啟動。
- 驗證服務已啟用，且能隨作業系統開機自動啟動
systemctl status nginx
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📺
alanjui@VB02-Ubuntu-2004:~$ systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri 2021-03-26 14:30:00 CST; 1min 10s ago
Docs: man:nginx(8)
Main PID: 67493 (nginx)
Tasks: 3 (limit: 4653)
Memory: 4.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─67493 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;
├─67494 nginx: worker process
└─67495 nginx: worker process
3月 26 14:30:00 VB02-Ubuntu-2004 systemd[1]: Starting A high performance web server and a reverse proxy ser>
3月 26 14:30:00 VB02-Ubuntu-2004 systemd[1]: Started A high performance web server and a reverse proxy serv>
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- 驗證 nginx 的 HTTP Server 已能正常運作
使用 Web 瀏覽器，瀏覽如下網址，若能正常閱讀「網頁」內容，則表 HTTP Server 已能 正常運作。
http://[IP_Address]
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# 建置虛擬網站
建置 nginx 虛擬網站。
- 建置「網站目錄」。
sudo su
mkdir /var/www/app.ccc.tw.local && cd $_
echo "app.ccc.tw.local Web Site" > index.html
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- 套用 defaut 虛擬網站設定檔，建置 Django App 虛擬網站。
cd /var/www/sites-available
cp default app.ccc.tw.local
vim app.ccc.tw.local
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🔖 app.ccc.tw.local:
server {
listen 80;
server_name app.ccc.tw.local;
root /var/www/app.ccc.tw.local;
index index.html;
location / {
¦ try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
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- 停用 Default 虛擬網站
cd ./sites-enabled
unlink default
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- 啟用 Django App 虛擬網站
ln -nfs ../sites-available/app.ccc.tw.local
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- 檢驗目前的設定正確無誤。
nginx -t
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- 重啟 nginx 服務。
systemctl restart nginx
systemclt status nginx
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- 驗證 Django App 虛擬網站的 HTTP 服務已能正常運作。
使用 Web 瀏覽器，瀏覽網址： http://app.ccc.tw.local/ 。若一切正常，應能於瀏覽器 看到如下「內容」之網頁。
app.ccc.tw.local Web Site
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# 設定管理者帳號
以下說明在作業系統環境，應建立之使用者帳號及群組。
- 新增管理者用使用者帳號，並設為 sudo 群組。
$ sudo adduser web-admin
$ usermod -aG sudo web-admin
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- 將管理者帳號加入 www-data 群組
先登出，再以「管理者帳號」登入。
$ sudo usermod -aG www-data $USER
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- 驗證設定成功：
先登出，再登入。然後執行以下指令，驗證管理者帳號屬：sudo、www-data 群組。
groups
id
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📺
web-admin@VB02-Ubuntu-2004:~$ cat /etc/group | grep www-data
www-data:x:33:
web-admin@VB02-Ubuntu-2004:~$ groups
web-admin adm cdrom sudo dip www-data plugdev lpadmin lxd sambashare
web-admin@VB02-Ubuntu-2004:~$ id
使用者id=1000(web-admin) id群組=1000(web-admin) 組=1000(web-admin),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),33(www-data),46(plugdev),120(lpadmin),131(lxd),132(sambashare)
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# 啟用 HTTPS 通信協定
# 安裝「憑證用套件」
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
$ sudo apt install python-certbot-nginx
s sudo cerbot --nginx -d ccc99.tw -d www.ccc99.tw
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📺
$ sudo cerbot --nginx -d ccc99.tw -d www.ccc99.tw
sudo: cerbot: command not found
juzhengzhong@SRV-01:~$ sudo certbot --nginx -d ccc99.tw -d www.ccc99.tw
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator nginx, Installer nginx
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices) (Enter 'c' to
cancel): alanjui.1960@gmail.com
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Please read the Terms of Service at
https://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.2-November-15-2017.pdf. You must
agree in order to register with the ACME server at
https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(A)gree/(C)ancel: a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit
organization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about our work
encrypting the web, EFF news, campaigns, and ways to support digital freedom.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(Y)es/(N)o: n
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for ccc99.tw
http-01 challenge for www.ccc99.tw
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Deploying Certificate to VirtualHost /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/django2_helloworld.conf
Deploying Certificate to VirtualHost /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/django2_helloworld.conf
Please choose whether or not to redirect HTTP traffic to HTTPS, removing HTTP access.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1: No redirect - Make no further changes to the webserver configuration.
2: Redirect - Make all requests redirect to secure HTTPS access. Choose this for
new sites, or if you're confident your site works on HTTPS. You can undo this
change by editing your web server's configuration.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel): 2
Redirecting all traffic on port 80 to ssl in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/django2_helloworld.conf
Redirecting all traffic on port 80 to ssl in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/django2_helloworld.conf
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Congratulations! You have successfully enabled https://ccc99.tw and
https://www.ccc99.tw
You should test your configuration at:
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=ccc99.tw
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=www.ccc99.tw
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IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/ccc99.tw/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/ccc99.tw/privkey.pem
Your cert will expire on 2019-07-01. To obtain a new or tweaked
version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot again
with the "certonly" option. To non-interactively renew *all* of
your certificates, run "certbot renew"
- Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
making regular backups of this folder is ideal.
- If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le
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# 設定虛擬網站啟用 HTTPS 通信協定
設定 nginx 虛擬網站，使之與「憑證」結合，以便啟用 HTTPS 通信協定。
{
# configuration of the server
server {
# the port your site will be served on
# the domain name it will serve for
#server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's Ip address or FQDN
#server_name 192.168.66.10;
server_name ccc99.tw www.ccc99.tw;
charset utf8-8;
# max upload size
client_max_body_size 75M; # adjust to taste
location = /favicon.ico {
access_log off;
log_not_found off;
}
# Django media
location /media {
# your Django project's media files - amend as required
#root /home/juzhengzhong/workspace/django2_helloworld;
alias /home/juzhengzhong/workspace/django2_helloworld/media;
}
location /static {
alias /home/juzhengzhong/workspace/django2_helloworld/web_site/staticfiles;
}
# Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server
location / {
include uwsgi_params; # should be located in /etc/nginx/
uwsgi_pass unix:/home/juzhengzhong/uwsgi/django2_helloworld.sock;
}
listen 443 ssl; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/ccc99.tw/fullchain.pem; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/ccc99.tw/privkey.pem; # managed by Certbot
include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf; # managed by Certbot
ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem; # managed by Certbot
}
server {
if ($host = www.ccc99.tw) {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
} # managed by Certbot
if ($host = ccc99.tw) {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
} # managed by Certbot
listen 80;
server_name ccc99.tw www.ccc99.tw;
return 404; # managed by Certbot
}
}
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# 測試 HTTPS 已能正常運作
透過 SSL Server Test (opens new window) 網站，測試 設定結果正確無誤，Web Server 已啟用了 HTTPS 通信協定。
# 常見作業
# 常用服務管理指令
- sudo service nginx status
- sudo service nginx stop
- sudo service nginx start
# 驗證設定檔語法正確
建立或變更 nginx.conf 、虛擬網站設定檔後，可使用如下指令驗證有無「設定語法」的 錯誤。
sudo nginx -t
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📺
$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
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# 問題診斷與狀況排除
N/A
# 參考資料
# 設定 Nginx 作業環境
設定 Nginx 在作業系統的執行環境。
- 編輯設定檔。
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
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nginx.conf 設定：
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 768;
# multi_accept on;
}
http {
##
# Basic Settings
##
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
# server_tokens off;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
# server_name_in_redirect off;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
##
# SSL Settings
##
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
##
# Logging Settings
##
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
##
# Gzip Settings
##
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
# gzip_vary on;
# gzip_proxied any;
# gzip_comp_level 6;
# gzip_buffers 16 8k;
# gzip_http_version 1.1;
# gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
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- 驗證設定檔內容無誤
sudo nginx -t
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